# ink & switch: people

> the founders, the director, the bench, the residents, and the collaborators — who they are and what they wrote.

## the people

- adam wiggins (founder): co-founder of heroku, ink & switch, and muse — and co-founder of local-first conf per his public bios. 'the original members of the lab wanted to do a startup — that was adam, james and orion,' per van hardenberg; wiggins dates the reconvening to 'somewhere around — i think it was 2015.' co-authored the local-first essay (2019), spun muse out of the lab and ran it 2019–2023, and returned to the lab in 2026 for a research residency — firehose, a personal triage algorithm for the message stream. '10 years of support' as an individual patron. (sources: [adam wiggins on the 2015 reconvening + industrial-lab inspirations](https://github.com/thechangelog/transcripts/blob/master/podcast/the-changelog-514.md), [transcript of idea machines #50](https://podtail.se/podcast/idea-machines/industrial-research-with-peter-van-hardenberg-idea/), [individual + organizational supporters](https://www.inkandswitch.com/supporters/), [muse history: $2m, seven-person team, fall-2023 departure](https://adamwiggins.com/muse-retrospective/), [patchwork notes](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-017/), [bluesky profile aggregator incl](https://couchsky.app/u/max.dev), [landmark essay](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/local-first/))
- james lindenbaum (founder): co-founder of heroku and heavybit, the developer-tools accelerator. '10 years of support' as an individual patron; the supporters page credits him as the guide for the programmable ink research track, and he is a named playbook collaborator. (sources: [individual + organizational supporters](https://www.inkandswitch.com/supporters/), [playbook collaborators incl](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/playbook/), [adam wiggins on the 2015 reconvening + industrial-lab inspirations](https://github.com/thechangelog/transcripts/blob/master/podcast/the-changelog-514.md))
- orion henry (founder): co-founder of heroku; co-creator of automerge (2017) and a core maintainer. wrote automerge 3.0's in-memory columnar rewrite — 'memory savings of 100x in some cases.' patchwork collaborator; '10 years of support' as an individual patron. (sources: [github](https://github.com/pboyer/automerge), [individual + organizational supporters](https://www.inkandswitch.com/supporters/), [automerge 3](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-011/), [project 030, 2024–2026](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/patchwork/), [automerge.org](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-3/))
- peter van hardenberg (director): lab director (ceo in the interview record) — joined when the lab was 'four or five people' and has '8 years of support' on the patrons list. previously founded heroku's data products and team; before that: arctic oceanography, game boy advance and nintendo ds children's games, shakespearean scholarship via xslt, and a stint 'competing with itunes using open source.' co-author of the local-first, cambria, patchwork, and malleable-software essays. described the lab's arc as 'professionalization' — from a pre-startup detour to an institution meant 'to sustain for 10 years, for 50 years.' the lofi community bills him as 'the father of local-first' — a community epithet, not a title. (sources: [individual + organizational supporters](https://www.inkandswitch.com/supporters/), [transcript of idea machines #50](https://podtail.se/podcast/idea-machines/industrial-research-with-peter-van-hardenberg-idea/), [pvh bio: heroku data products, i&s researcher](https://www.pvh.ca/), [lab director/ceo from 2020-10 (self-reported)](https://www.linkedin.com/in/petervanhardenberg), [james arthurs lofi origin: localfirstweb](https://lofi.so/blog/2023-05-29-i-wrote-a-static-web-page), [i&s 2025 essay](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/malleable-software))
- martin kleppmann (collaborator): collaborator, not lab staff — the distinction matters and the record supports only the collaborator reading: cambridge professor, co-creator of automerge (2017) from his and beresford's json crdt research, co-author of the 2019 local-first essay, and a recurring face at lab events. automerge sponsorships note 'so many others who have contributed either directly to automerge or through supporting martin kleppmann on patreon' — a parallel, independent funding channel. no source documents employment by the lab. (sources: [landmark essay](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/local-first/), [github](https://github.com/pboyer/automerge), [kleppmann & beresford json crdt paper (ieee tpds)](https://martin.kleppmann.com/2017/04/24/json-crdt.html), [first supported release… ground-up rewrite](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-2/), [hydra talk](https://martin.kleppmann.com/2020/07/06/crdt-hard-parts-hydra.html))
- the research bench (team): the named researchers and engineers in the public corpus: mark mcgranaghan (principal investigator 2018–2019, local-first and muse co-author); geoffrey litt (senior researcher 2023-01→2025-09, led the malleable track, then notion); marcel goethals (programmable ink, 2021→); paul sonnentag (potluck through backstitch); paul shen (potluck, then openai); max schöning (potluck, patchwork; then magic, then notion); ivy reese (inkling, playbook, the tenfold playground); todd matthews (resident designer; tenfold story; malleable co-author); john mumm (keyhive, automerge; rejoined 2025); brooklyn zelenka (senior researcher, keyhive lead, bijou64; ex-fission cto); grjte, chee rabbits, maciek sakrejda, orion reed (the 2025 gaios wave); lilith duncan and nikita zatkovich (backstitch); leo stewen (coln); mimi reyburn (residency → staff, 2026); alex good (automerge lead, full-time since the 2.0 push); plus credit-level names — roshan choxi, julia roggatz, gökçen keskin, rae mckelvey, szymon kaliski, matt tognetti, jeff peterson, blaine cook — whose public records are thin. (sources: [pi 2018-02→2019-06](https://www.linkedin.com/in/mmcgrana), [senior researcher 2023-01→2025-09](https://www.linkedin.com/in/geoffreylitt), [litt: in september, i left my research position at ink & switch… now work at notion](https://buttondown.com/geoffreylitt/archive/i-changed-jobs-and-other-updates/), [researcher at ink & switch… programmable ink](https://marcelgoethals.com/), [dynamic documents as personal software](https://www.inkandswitch.com/potluck/), [project 030, 2024–2026](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/patchwork/), [project 035](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/keyhive/), [first supported release… ground-up rewrite](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-2/), [gaios intro](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-014/), [new staff (reyburn/yen/stewen)](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-018/), [notion announces schoening hire](https://www.notion.com/blog/software-should-bend-welcome-max-schoening), [paul shen → openai technical staff 2023-04](https://clay.earth/profile/paul-shen-61ac22ea))
- the researchers-in-residence (team): the formal rir program: alexander obenauer (active 'since [2023]' — ollos and workbench, the itemized-os essays); mary rose cook (~2023-07→2024-02, lude; now an ai engineer at notion); lu wilson (joined ~2024-02, later alum; works at tldraw); elliott evans (droste's lair with josh horowitz; tentpole collective); june gardner (nova, live 2025); mimi reyburn (residency converted to staff); derek yen (2026, nyu cryptography, beekem formalization); and adam wiggins himself, back for the 2026 firehose residency. (sources: [patchwork launch](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-003/), [about a dozen researchers](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-001/), [directors year-end letter](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-008/), [gaios intro](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-014/), [new staff (reyburn/yen/stewen)](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-018/), [patchwork notes](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-017/), [ollos essay (itemized os)](https://alexanderobenauer.com/ollos/), [mary rose cook bio: notion ai engineer](https://maryrosecook.com/))
- the outside collaborators (team): the hollywood model's contract bench: alex warth (inkling, playbook, ambsheets, the patchwork task framework, livelymerge); josh horowitz (malleable-software co-author, droste's lair); dan ingalls (livelymerge — the smalltalk/lively kernel lineage made literal); avi bryant, who is both an individual patron ('2 years of support') and a research collaborator (ambsheets); christopher shank (live 2025, with orion reed); and the muse-alumni orbit — adam wulf, who carried muse on alone after 2023 and continues it as allume. (sources: [project 029](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/inkling/), [playbook collaborators incl](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/playbook/), [i&s 2025 essay](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/malleable-software), [new staff (reyburn/yen/stewen)](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-018/), [gaios intro](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-014/), [individual + organizational supporters](https://www.inkandswitch.com/supporters/), [muse history: $2m, seven-person team, fall-2023 departure](https://adamwiggins.com/muse-retrospective/))
- the supporters (team): the lab 'only exists through the generosity of our supporters': individual patrons wiggins, lindenbaum, and henry ('10 years' each), van hardenberg ('8 years'), and avi bryant ('2 years'); research partners notion (the peritext collaboration, attested by ivan zhao) and the endless os foundation (funding backstitch); governmental sponsor nlnet/ngi zero core (automerge); corporate members ellipsus and common tools (alex komoroske: 'the xerox parc of today'); the aria safeguarded ai programme from 2025-09; and automerge's own enterprise sponsors fly.io, prisma, and bowtie. cb insights also lists blueyard capital as an investor — unverified by any lab source. no dollar figures are disclosed anywhere. (sources: [individual + organizational supporters](https://www.inkandswitch.com/supporters/), [first supported release… ground-up rewrite](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-2/), [aria sgai joined](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-013/), [aria safeguarded ai programme page](https://www.aria.org.uk/opportunity-spaces/mathematics-for-safe-ai/safeguarded-ai/), [endless access on the backstitch partnership](https://access.endlessstudios.com/blog/nobody-is-here-to-do-version-control-how-real-time-collaboration-in-godot-is-changing-the-game-design-classroom), [founded 2015](https://www.cbinsights.com/company/ink-switch))

## writings

- 2017-04 — a conflict-free replicated json datatype (document, kleppmann, ieee tpds / martin.kleppmann.com): kleppmann and beresford's ieee tpds paper — 'a conflict-free replicated json datatype' — the cambridge research automerge implements. [source](https://martin.kleppmann.com/2017/04/24/json-crdt.html)
- 2018-02-01 — pixelpusher: real-time peer-to-peer collaboration with react (essay, pvh, inkandswitch.com): the lab's first published prototype essay — real-time peer-to-peer collaboration in react on an early automerge — establishing the essay-plus-prototype form. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/pixelpusher/)
- 2018-11-01 — slow software (essay, wiggins, inkandswitch.com): mcgranaghan and wiggins on software latency and what it does to a user's train of thought — the founding-era manifesto behind the lab's speed ethos. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/slow-software/)
- 2018-12-11 — capstone: a tablet for thinking (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): the tablet-for-thinking essay — mixed-media cards, freeform inking, an infinite canvas — and the open-sourced prototype that followed. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/capstone/)
- 2019-03-01 — end-user programming (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): the lab's oldest question stated as a survey: forty years of trying to let users shape their own software, and why it stays hard. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/end-user-programming/)
- 2019-04-01 — local-first software: you own your data, in spite of the cloud (essay, kleppmann, inkandswitch.com / onward! '19): the essay that coined 'local-first' — kleppmann, wiggins, van hardenberg, mcgranaghan — seven ideals and the crdt bet, presented at onward! '19. the artifacts with the largest hn footprints in this dossier are essays, and this is the largest. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/local-first/)
  > "we call this type of software local-first software, since it prioritizes the use of local storage (the disk built into your computer) and local networks (such as your home wifi) over servers in remote datacenters."
- 2019-04-04 — muse: designing a studio for ideas (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): mcgranaghan, keskin, wiggins, roggatz — 'a studio for ideas': an ipad workspace modeled on the physical studio, the prototype that became the muse spinout. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/muse/)
- 2020-04-14 — pushpin (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): 'towards production-quality peer-to-peer collaboration' — the most developed early prototype, with documented real internal use, later archived 'for posterity' as the dat/hypermerge stack died under it. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/pushpin/)
- 2020-07-06 — crdts: the hard parts (talk, kleppmann, hydra conference): kleppmann's hydra talk — the canonical self-critical account of crdt pitfalls, from the research community the lab collaborates with. [source](https://martin.kleppmann.com/2020/07/06/crdt-hard-parts-hydra.html)
  > "crdts are easy to implement badly. many published algorithms have anomalies… simple implementations often have terrible performance"
- 2020-10-06 — cambria (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): bidirectional lenses for schema change — data that translates between shapes so documents can outlive their schemas. a hard problem named in the 2019 paper, still open. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/cambria/)
- 2021-09-01 — backchannel (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): relationship-based digital identity — trust introduced person-to-person rather than issued by platforms. the identity thread that resurfaces in keyhive. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/backchannel/)
- 2021-11-23 — peritext (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): a crdt for rich-text collaboration — later identified on the supporters page as the output of the notion research partnership. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/peritext/)
- 2021-12 — metamuse #46: industrial research (podcast, pvh, metamuse): 'industrial research' — van hardenberg on the metamuse podcast describing the lab 'inspired by bell labs and xerox parc,' funded on a spinout flywheel. [source](https://museapp.com/podcast/46-industrial-research/)
- 2022-03-29 — crosscut (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): drawing dynamic models — pen-and-paper directness with software dynamics underneath; the first programmable-ink essay. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/crosscut/)
- 2022-10-31 — potluck (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com / splash 2022): 'dynamic documents as personal software' — litt, schoening, shen, sonnentag. notes become apps through live searches, computations, and annotations; presented at splash 2022. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/potluck/)
- 2022-11-11 — the changelog #514 (podcast, wiggins, the changelog): the changelog interview — the canonical founding account: the heroku trio reconvening, the deep dive on industrial research labs, and the muse spinout in hindsight. [source](https://changelog.com/podcast/514)
  > "somewhere around — i think it was 2015 is when we — let's say we reconvened"
  > "xerox parc… bell labs… thomas edison… menlo park; it was like a private industrial research lab, you might say"
- 2022-11-20 — inkbase: programmable ink (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): 'what would be possible if hand-drawn sketches were programmable like spreadsheets?' — the programmable ink manifesto and the lab's second-biggest hn artifact ever. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/inkbase/)
- 2022 — the torch of progress: adam wiggins (podcast, wiggins, progress studies): torch of progress ep. 13 — wiggins on edison, bell labs, arpa, and parc as 'a big influence for our independent research lab.' [source](https://progressstudies.school/the-torch-of-progress-ep-13-with-adam-wiggins/)
- 2023-01 — introducing automerge 2.0 (post, henry, automerge.org): the automerge 2.0 announcement — rust core, alex good hired full-time, support options for production users; sponsorship from fly.io, prisma, bowtie, and kleppmann's patreon supporters. [source](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-2/)
  > "it's our first supported release resulting from a ground-up rewrite"
- 2023-01 — untangle (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): pen-based fuzzy-constraint problem solving — a sketch interface backed by an smt solver; the programmable ink track pushing into computation. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/untangle/)
- 2023-03-08 — upwelling (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): real-time collaboration plus version control for writers — 'creative privacy' while every change is accounted for. the patchwork track's precursor. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/upwelling/)
- 2023-03-25 — malleable software in the age of llms (essay, bench, geoffreylitt.com): litt's 'malleable software in the age of llms' — chat output should become tweakable personal software; the bridge essay between the malleable track and the agent era. [source](https://www.geoffreylitt.com/2023/03/25/llm-end-user-programming.html)
- 2023 — metamuse #83: end and beginning (podcast, wiggins, metamuse): 'end and beginning' — the muse restructuring episode whose 'end of an era' line is routinely misattached to the lab itself. [source](https://museapp.com/podcast/transcripts/83-end-and-beginning/)
  > "we did not manage to make muse into a sustainable business. therefore i and most of the team are departing. my longtime colleague adam wulf will continue to develop muse as a solo entrepreneur"
- 2023-11-20 — embark (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): dynamic documents for travel planning — maps, dates, and formulas living inside text — published alongside the first dispatch. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/embark/)
- 2024-02-10 — idea machines #50: industrial research with peter van hardenberg (interview, pvh, idea machines): the idea machines #50 transcript — the lab's self-account: the startup that became a lab, the hollywood model, 'eight and 15 people,' and the fifty-year ambition. [source](https://podtail.se/podcast/idea-machines/industrial-research-with-peter-van-hardenberg-idea/)
  > "we'd bring in some contractors and we called it the hollywood model… it was sort of structured like a movie production"
  > "to sustain for 10 years, for 50 years"
- 2024 — localfirst.fm episode 1 (podcast, pvh, localfirst.fm): the localfirst.fm episode 1 interview — van hardenberg's local-first primer for the community podcast the ecosystem grew. [source](https://www.localfirst.fm/1/transcript)
- 2024 — the muse retrospective (essay, wiggins, adamwiggins.com): wiggins' muse retrospective — the spinout's numbers in his own words (self-reported), and the honest ledger of an unsustainable business. [source](https://adamwiggins.com/muse-retrospective/)
  > "between 2019 and 2023 i worked on muse… we raised $2m in funding, grew the team to seven, had tens of thousands of active users, and thousands of customers"
- 2025-06-05 — malleable software: restoring user agency in a world of locked-down apps (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): the second flagship essay — litt, horowitz, van hardenberg, matthews. 'restoring user agency in a world of locked-down apps': gradual transitions from use to change, interoperable tools over shared data, communities exchanging improvements. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/malleable-software)
  > "a software ecosystem where anyone can adapt their tools to their needs with minimal friction"
- 2025-07 — automerge 3.0 (post, henry, automerge.org): the automerge 3.0 release post — orion henry's columnar rewrite: 'pasting moby dick into an automerge 2 document consumes 700mb of memory, in automerge 3 it only consumes 1.3mb' (vendor-reported). [source](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-3/)
- 2025 — generally intelligent: geoffrey litt (interview, bench, generally intelligent): litt on imbue's 'generally intelligent' — the malleable-software case in his own words, on the way out the door to notion. [source](https://ideas.imbue.com/p/geoffrey-litt)
- 2026-04-08 — local first: how to build software which still works after the acquihire (talk, bench, qcon london / infoq): alex good at qcon london — 'local first: how to build software which still works after the acquihire,' the maintainer's case carried into practitioner media. [source](https://www.infoq.com/presentations/local-first-build-software/)
- 2026-04-23 — tenfold: ten years of ink & switch (essay, bench, inkandswitch.com): todd matthews' tenth-anniversary origin story — tenfold built inside patchwork, letters-as-tools contributed by staff, alums, and friends, the playground engineered by ivy reese. [source](https://www.inkandswitch.com/project/tenfold/story/)
- 2026-06-29 — moving beyond cloud-native to local-first (interview, wiggins, infoq): the infoq podcast — wiggins on moving beyond cloud-native to local-first, floating hybrid ai where local models handle core productivity tasks. [source](https://www.infoq.com/podcasts/natural-evolution-cloud-native/)
- 2026 — nobody is here to do version control (interview, pvh, endless access): the endless access blog on the backstitch partnership — van hardenberg explaining why a version-control tool for students belongs in a research lab: 'nobody is here to do version control.' [source](https://access.endlessstudios.com/blog/nobody-is-here-to-do-version-control-how-real-time-collaboration-in-godot-is-changing-the-game-design-classroom)
  > "people put in as much energy and passion as they have for a project… that's just friction lost along the way"

## controversies

- 2015–2026 — the founding-year drift: the founding-year drift — linkedin and cb insights list 'founded 2015'; matt webb cites a 'march 2015 pitch deck'; wiggins says 'somewhere around… 2015 is when we reconvened'; but the lab's own announcement says 'ink & switch turns ten this year' in april 2026, i.e. ~2016. both dates are self-reported and both are in the record. reaction: the dossier preserves both: plausibly 2015 is the reconvening and 2016 the operating start — an inference, not a reconciliation. github's org creation (2015-08-19) is the earliest hard artifact. (sources: [founded 2015](https://linkedin.com/company/ink-and-switch), [founded 2015](https://www.cbinsights.com/company/ink-switch), [matt webb lab survey](https://interconnected.org/home/2021/03/15/labs), [wiggins interview](https://changelog.com/podcast/514), [tenfold](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-016/), [lab github org (created 2015-08-19)](https://github.com/inkandswitch))
- 2017– — collaborator, not employee: the kleppmann attribution — martin kleppmann is routinely described as part of the lab because automerge and the local-first essay sit inside it. the record shows a collaborator and co-author: cambridge professor, patreon-supported in parallel, present at lab events — and no source documents employment. reaction: the lab itself is precise about this — automerge.org calls the project 'an independent open source project' built by 'production engineers who cofounded heroku, and computer scientists like renowned cambridge professor martin kleppmann.' (sources: [landmark essay](https://www.inkandswitch.com/essay/local-first/), [github](https://github.com/pboyer/automerge), [project site](https://automerge.org/), [first supported release… ground-up rewrite](https://automerge.org/blog/automerge-2/))
- 2023– — the wrong 'end of an era': the misattached 'end of an era' — metamuse #83's phrase describes muse's 2023 restructuring (wiggins and most of the team departing, wulf continuing solo). it circulates as if the lab wound down; the record shows the opposite — new staff announced 2025-09, 2025-11, and 2026-06, and a tenth-anniversary celebration in 2026. reaction: treat any 'ink & switch wind-down' claim as unverified conflation with muse; the dispatch archive shows continuous operation november 2023 through june 2026. (sources: [end of an era for muse](https://museapp.com/podcast/transcripts/83-end-and-beginning/), [press coverage of muse team departure](https://www.webpronews.com/muse-softwares-entire-team-save-one-is-departing-the-company/), [dispatch index nov 2023–jun 2026](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/), [new staff (reyburn/yen/stewen)](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-018/), [tenfold](https://www.inkandswitch.com/newsletter/dispatch-016/))

AI-drafted at Ben Guo's direct request and credited to Hraness; every claim links to its cataloged source.

Canonical page: https://hraness.com/ink-and-switch/people


Published by @ben in profile revision 1.
Original document: https://hraness.com/ink-and-switch/people
Original credited author: Hraness
AI-drafted at Ben Guo's direct request and credited to Hraness; every claim links to its cataloged source.

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