- [openai-distillation denial in referee exchange](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/secrets-of-chinese-ai-model-deepseek-revealed-in-landmark-paper/) — scientificamerican.com (2025-09, reporting). openai-distillation denial in referee exchange; h800 main
- [545% theoretical](https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3300734/deepseek-shows-power-v3-r1-models-theoretical-545-profit-margin) — scmp.com (2025-03-01, reporting). 545% theoretical; 226.75 nodes×8×h800; $87k→$562k
- [the real costs and computing power, debated](https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3297337/ai-start-deepseeks-real-costs-and-computing-power-debated-chip-stocks-reel) — scmp.com (2025-01, reporting). 2.8m gpu-hr/$5.6m; high-flyer spend trail (¥200m/¥1b)
- [distillation industry-common](https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3296827/deepseeks-ai-distillation-theft-openai-seeks-answers-over-chinas-breakthrough) — scmp.com (2025-01-30, reporting). distillation industry-common; deepseek hasn't admitted
- [questmobile aug 2025: doubao 157m vs deepseek 143m mau](https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3325858/bytedance-chatbot-doubao-still-chinas-most-popular-ai-app-rival-deepseek-loses-users) — scmp.com (2025-09, reporting). questmobile aug 2025: doubao 157m vs deepseek 143m mau
- [one-year retrospective](https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3340422/deepseek-year-how-little-known-chinese-start-sparked-global-ai-arms-race) — scmp.com (2026-01, reference). one-year retrospective; kevin xu quote
- [o1 26% vs r1 100% comparison](https://www.securityweek.com/deepseek-compared-to-chatgpt-gemini-in-ai-jailbreak-test/) — securityweek.com (2025-02-04, reporting). o1 26% vs r1 100% comparison
- [up-to-12x cache-hit hike](https://en.sedaily.com/international/2026/08/14/deepseek-raises-api-prices-up-to-12-fold-as-chinas-ai-firms) — en.sedaily.com (2026-08-14, reporting). up-to-12x cache-hit hike; peak/off-peak split; ipo context
- [notes essay omits open-weights point](https://simonwillison.net/2025/Jan/29/on-deepseek-and-export-controls/) — simonwillison.net (2025-01-29, reporting). notes essay omits open-weights point
- [v3 dec 2024 → r1 jan 20 → janus jan 28 timeline](https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2025/01/29/deepseek-ai-china-us-tech.html) — sydney.edu.au (2025-01-29, reference). v3 dec 2024 → r1 jan 20 → janus jan 28 timeline
- [the teardown: $5.576m real but narrow](https://www.theteardown.co/deepseek) — theteardown.co (2026, reference). teardown: $5.576m real-but-narrow; doubao overtook; r2 slipped; v4 trails 3–6 mo
- [coverage of amodei essay](https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/29/anthropics-ceo-says-deepseek-shows-that-u-s-export-rules-are-working-as-intended/) — techcrunch (2025-01-29, reporting). coverage of amodei essay
- [coverage of wiz finding](https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/30/deepseek-exposed-internal-database-containing-chat-histories-and-sensitive-data/) — techcrunch (2025-01-30, reporting). coverage of wiz finding
- [hundreds of billions capex pledge](https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/29/zuck-shrugs-off-deepseek-vows-to-spend-hundreds-of-billions-on-ai/) — techcrunch (2025-01-29, reporting). "hundreds of billions" capex pledge
- [doubao at ¥0.0008/1k tokens; 99.3% cut](https://techflowpost.com/en-US/article/17993) — techflowpost.com (2024-05, reporting). doubao ¥0.0008/1k tokens; 99.3% cut; sector-wide price war
- [semianalysis figures amplified](https://www.techspot.com/news/106612-deepseek-ai-costs-far-exceed-55-million-claim.html) — techspot.com (2025-02-03, reporting). semianalysis figures amplified
- [v3.1's ue8m0 fp8 for domestic chips](https://www.theregister.com/2025/08/22/deepseek_v31_chinese_chip_hints/) — theregister.com (2025-08-22, reporting). v3.1 ue8m0 fp8 for next-gen domestic chips
- [deepseek launches v4.1-flash](https://time.news/deepseek-launches-v4-1-flash-a-faster-multimodal-mixture-of-experts-model/) — time.news (2026-09-10, reporting). v4.1-flash multimodal; citic for star ipo
- [the significant price-rise warning](https://thenextweb.com/news/deepseek-significant-api-price-increase) — the next web (2026, reporting). the "significant" price-rise warning
- [ny/va/or/nc state actions](https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/online-security/deepseek-ai-banned-by-nasa-us-navy-and-more-over-privacy-concerns) — tomsguide.com (2025-02-17, reporting). ny/va/or/nc state actions
- [customs-documented cases](https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/gpus/despite-nvidia-claims-chinese-smugglers-have-used-live-lobsters-and-fake-baby-bumps-to-traffic-chips) — tomshardware.com (2025-05-01, reporting). customs-documented cases
- [singapore share of nvidia revenue 9%→22%](https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/artificial-intelligence/u-s-investigates-whether-deepseek-smuggled-nvidia-ai-gpus-via-singapore) — tomshardware.com (2025-02, reporting). singapore share of nvidia revenue 9%→22%
- [v3.2-exp ships day-1 ascend/cann support](https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/deepseek-new-model-supports-huawei-cann) — tomshardware.com (2025-09-29, reporting). v3.2-exp day-1 ascend/cann/vllm support
- [the chinese open-weights landscape](https://www.turingpost.com/p/chinesemodels) — turingpost.com (2025, reference). kimi k2/r1/qwen3/glm-4.5 comparative landscape
- [deceptive delight/bad likert/crescendo bypasses](https://origin-unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/jailbreaking-deepseek-three-techniques/) — origin-unit42.paloaltonetworks.com (2025-02, reference). deceptive delight/bad likert/crescendo bypasses
- [r1 launch-day coverage](https://venturebeat.com/business/open-source-deepseek-r1-uses-pure-reinforcement-learning-to-match-openai-o1-at-95-less-cost) — venturebeat (2025-01-20, reporting). r1 launch-day coverage; vendor benchmark claims
- [openai evidence claim](https://www.theverge.com/news/601195/openai-evidence-deepseek-distillation-ai-data) — the verge (2025-01-29, reporting). openai evidence claim; msft api exfiltration; sacks quote
- [strengthened our conviction](https://www.theverge.com/news/602233/meta-deepseek-zuckerberg-earings-q4) — the verge (2025-01-29, reporting). "strengthened our conviction"; inference compute
- [high-flyer on wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Flyer) — wikipedia (2026, reference). founding feb 2016; fire-flyer i/ii; aum $10b dec 2025
- [high-flyer→deepseek timeline charted](https://www.thewirechina.com/2025/02/23/charting-high-flyers-rise-high-flyer-quant-deepseek/) — thewirechina.com (2025-02-23, reference). high-flyer→deepseek timeline charted
- [app-layer vs in-weights censorship layers](https://www.wired.com/story/deepseek-censorship/) — wired (2025-01, reporting). app-layer vs in-weights censorship layers
- [didnt stop a single one](https://www.wired.com/story/deepseeks-ai-jailbreak-prompt-injection-attacks/) — wired (2025-01-31, reporting). "didn't stop a single one"; sampath quote
- [wired origin story](https://nehtus.com/story/deepseek-china-model-ai/) — nehtus (2025-01, reporting). wired origin story; liang "never funding, but export control" quote; epoch ai 1/10 compute
- [open clickhouse](https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak) — wiz.io (2025-01-29, reference). open clickhouse; >1m log lines; chat history+keys
- [second deepseek moment — kimi k2](https://xpert.digital/en/sputnik-the-moment-of-artificial-intelligence/) — xpert.digital (2025-07-21, reference). "second deepseek moment" — kimi k2
- [post-mortem of the january panics narrative factors](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/deepseek-r1-0528-did-not-have-a-moment) — thezvi.substack.com (2025-05, reporting). post-mortem of the january panic's "narrative factors"
- [the first cfo: yan wentao](https://m.163.com/dy/article/L6PV3CAP05568W0A.html) — m.163.com (2025-09, reporting). cfo yan wentao (b.1991, hillhouse); 2009 internship anecdote
- [high-flyer 2025: +56.55%, >rmb 70b](https://www.21jingji.com/article/20260114/herald/c28662157ae4f0d9f2c7c944101a35ad.html) — 21jingji.com (2026-01-14, reporting). 2025 return 56.55% (#2); >rmb 70b aum; 3/5-yr means
- [registered address: 汇金国际大厦西1幢1201室](https://www.21jingji.com/article/20250114/herald/5f428a5a55d92b0a9da4a493d5fc7ae5.html) — 21jingji.com (2025-01-14, reporting). registered address: 汇金国际大厦西1幢1201室
- [first-ever liang interview](https://m.36kr.com/p/2272896094586500) — m.36kr.com (2023-05-24, interview). first-ever liang interview; naming of 深度求索; gpu ladder quote; funding logic
- [the canonical techno-idealism interview (于丽丽/暗涌)](https://www.36kr.com/p/2872793466982535) — 36kr.com (2024-07-17, interview). the canonical "techno-idealism" interview (于丽丽/暗涌)
- [which countries have banned deepseek and why](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/6/which-countries-have-banned-deepseek-and-why) — aljazeera.com (2025-02-06, reporting). nasa jan-31; australia feb-4; korea ministries
- [allen's house testimony: the $5.576m math](https://republicans-science.house.gov/_cache/files/0/d/0d8e8a6c-2a09-413d-9d78-e21df078bc9e/EAB890C6D96E33647BC244A4EFCC742660C0EE09981A7B46E6BC1EC8C80F5386.gregory-c.-allen-testimony.pdf) — republicans-science.house.gov (2025, reference). csis's allen house testimony: $5.576m math; oct-7-2022 controls; h800 workaround history
- [anthropics own account: 24k accts/16m exchanges](https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks) — anthropic (2026-02-23, primary). anthropic's own account: 24k accts/16m exchanges; ds 150k+
- [texas first state-level ban](https://apnews.com/article/texas-deepseek-apps-ban-3828a4743e9919398dfac0ba9d4a5c25) — associated press (2025-01-31, reporting). texas first state-level ban
- [the api changelog: v4-pro ga 2026-08-13](https://api-docs.deepseek.com/updates) — api-docs.deepseek.com (2026-09, primary). v4-pro ga 8/13/26; vision-exp 8/21/26; v4.1-flash 9/10/26
- [official app announcement](https://www.deepseek.com/en/news/deepseek-app/) — deepseek.com (2025-01-15, primary). official app announcement
- [state dept official allegation](https://asiatimes.com/2025/06/deepseek-gets-nvidias-high-end-gpus-via-singapore-us-official/) — asiatimes.com (2025-06-25, reporting). state dept official allegation; wang 50k-h100 claim; nvidia "lawfully acquired h800"; v3=2048 h800s
- [liang wenfeng bio: b.1985, wuchuan, zju](https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Liang%20Wenfeng/943430) — baike.baidu.com (2026-09, reference). bio: b.1985 wuchuan; zju; timeline incl. li qiang symposium, huang meeting, hurun
- [the jacobi-to-high-flyer history](https://www.bianews.com/news/details?id=205377) — bianews.com (2025, reporting). jacobi 2013; name origins; 80k-capital story; dji's wang tao; aum ladder; 4 partners; donations
- [accusation coverage](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-23/anthropic-says-deepseek-minimax-distilled-ai-models-for-gains) — bloomberg (2026-02-23, reporting). accusation coverage
- [liang tops amodei and brockman as richest ai founder](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-07-14/deepseek-s-liang-tops-amodei-and-brockman-as-richest-ai-founder) — bloomberg (2026-07-14, reporting). $36b; richest ai-model founder
- [top china quant winds down strategy](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-21/top-china-quant-winds-down-strategy-pummeled-by-market-rally) — bloomberg (2024-10-21, reporting). >rmb 50b; hedged products to zero
- [v4 delayed for ascend-tuned stack (yuyuantantian)](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-26/deepseek-v4-delay-shows-shift-to-china-chips-cctv-account-says) — bloomberg (2026-04-26, reporting). v4 delayed for ascend-tuned stack (yuyuantantian)
- [feb-2025 valuation-range debate ($1b vs $150b)](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-10/deepseek-could-make-founder-liang-wenfeng-one-of-the-world-s-richest-people) — bloomberg (2025-02-10, reporting). feb-2025 valuation-range debate ($1b vs $150b)
- [nvidia −17%/−$600b single-biggest one-day loss](https://web.archive.org/web/20250129002522/https:/www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-deepseek-ai-china-stock-nvidia-nvda-asml/) — wayback machine (2025-01-27, archive). nvidia −17%/−$600b "single-biggest one-day loss"; ives $8b liang assets
- [the may 2026 round; the fewest-conditions stance](https://www.chaincatcher.com/en/article/2263550) — chaincatcher.com (2026-05-09, reporting). same round; liang's "fewest conditions" stance
- [registry-derived ownership chain (99% chengen)](https://champsignal.com/ownership/deepseek.com) — champsignal.com (2026-09, reference). registry-derived ownership chain (99% cheng'en)
- [the anthropic distillation figures](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/24/anthropic-openai-china-firms-distillation-deepseek.html) — cnbc (2026-02-24, reporting). minimax 13m / moonshot 3.4m / ds 150k; openai letter earlier in feb
- [nasa memo verbatim](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/31/nasa-becomes-latest-federal-agency-to-block-chinas-deepseek.html) — cnbc (2025-01-31, reporting). nasa memo verbatim; navy email late jan
- [may-8 round launch](https://www.coinlive.com/news/deepseek-s-liang-wenfeng-we-don-t-want-alibaba-s-money-we-ll-contribute) — coinlive.com (2026-05, reporting). may-8 round launch; liang's rmb 20b; ff1/ff2 cost figures; ~84% control
- [~130 ds / ~200 hf staff](https://the-decoder.com/chinas-deepseek-reportedly-restricts-employee-travel-amid-ai-security-concerns/) — the-decoder.com (2025-03, reporting). ~130 ds / ~200 hf staff; wsj us-travel warning
- [first public model](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-Coder) — github (2023-11-02, repo). first public model; 1–33b; 2t tokens
- [7b/67b dense llms](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-LLM) — github (2023-11-29, repo). 7b/67b dense llms
- [the deepseek-math repo — grpo](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-math/) — github (2024-02-05, repo). math-7b (arxiv 2402.03300); grpo; author list
- [law-firm equity-structure analysis](https://dehehantong.com/en/news/articles/156) — dehehantong.com (2025, reporting). law-firm equity-structure analysis; 17 jul 2023, rmb 10m, liang >80% via chengpu/cheng'en
- [~150 staff; the gold-medal hiring rep](https://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20250211/131006164/1) — donga.com (2025-02-11, reporting). ~150 staff; gold-medal hiring rep; no kpis/titles; >bytedance pay
- [chengdu apartment start](https://europeantech.news/the-chinese-quant-fund-turned-ai-pioneer/) — europeantech.news (2025, reporting). chengdu apartment start; "freelancer till 2013"; ~rmb60bn/$8bn since 2015 launch
- [fire-flyer ai-hpc paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.14158) — arxiv.org (2024-08, primary). fire-flyer ai-hpc paper; 10k pcie a100; authors "deepseek ai" incl. wenfeng liang
- [the flashmla repo](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/FlashMLA) — github (2025-02, repo). flashmla; v3.2 sparse-kernel updates
- [the forbes liang profile: $39.8b](https://www.forbes.com/profile/liang-wenfeng/) — forbes (2026-09, reference). $39.8b; "$7.4b raised june 2026 at $52b"
- [jan-27 selloff](https://fortune.com/2025/01/27/what-is-deepseek-ai-china-nvidia-openai-meta-stock-market/) — fortune (2025-01-27, reporting). jan-27 selloff; app #1; andreessen quote
- [alibaba collapse](https://www.gate.com/news/detail/whale-lab-deepseek-and-alibabas-fundraising-negotiations-failed-to-reach-an-20949731) — gate.com (2026-05-09, reporting). alibaba collapse; ~$45b; tencent 20% declined; ic-fund lead possibility; hf 56.55% on 70b
- [64 quotes from investor call — purported leak](https://www.geopolitechs.org/p/deepseek-founder-liang-wenfeng-in) — geopolitechs.org (2026, community). "64 quotes from investor call" — purported leak; unverified
- [openai/ft evidence claim](https://gizmodo.com/openai-claims-deepseek-plagiarized-its-plagiarism-machine-2000556339) — gizmodo.com (2025-01-29, reporting). openai/ft evidence claim; sacks "substantial evidence"; microsoft api flag
- [corroboration of 10 departures](https://www.gogoai.xin/article/deepseek-loses-10-key-researchers-as-chinas-ai-talent-war-intensifies) — gogoai.xin (2026, reporting). corroboration of 10 departures
- [10k a100 stockpile (2023 interview)](https://www.gpb.org/news/2025/01/28/deepseek-did-little-known-chinese-startup-cause-sputnik-moment-for-ai) — gpb.org (2025-01-28, reporting). 10k a100 stockpile (2023 interview); 2,000+ h800; export-control window
- [huang–liang meeting](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/apr/17/nvidias-ceo-surprise-visit-beijing-restricts-chip-sales-china) — theguardian.com (2025-04-17, reporting). huang–liang meeting; house committee letter to nvidia
- [guos own page: ai researcher in deepseek, july 2023–april 2026 + core-contributor lists](https://guoday.github.io/) — guoday.github.io (2026-09, primary). guo's own page: "ai researcher in deepseek, july 2023–april 2026" + core-contributor lists
- [the hfai blog: the 10k-a100 cluster](https://www.high-flyer.cn/blog/hfai/) — high-flyer.cn (2022, primary). gtc-2022 blog: 10k-a100 cluster, ≥90% util, 3fs/hfreduce/hfai.nn, 50+ labs, 2.7m gpu-hrs


Published by @ben in profile revision 1.
Original document: https://hraness.com/deepseek/sources
Original credited author: Hraness
AI-drafted at Ben Guo's direct request and credited to Hraness; every claim links to its cataloged source.

## Structured source and record data

````json
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````