Published text

Structured research records

1. liang wenfeng 梁文锋 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-ed8bc145c7250139bc50 · source-a78f87f97a8c985afc43 · source-4c857fe36ea6f4d65c1c · source-bdfe5eb28960d86ee245 · source-18cca0f635c86b01004f · source-484dd7f3fa046546f045 · source-668ca146938f17c22f06 · source-a0dd2dfa4d125b468eb7 · source-5e85053af3ab2d778425 · source-69f5d228a5994fe75424 · source-df97cfaccef6a8cace2a · source-0a68916600a93a395aff

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "liang",
     "name": "liang wenfeng 梁文锋",
     "note": "founder and ceo of both companies — the lab and the fund. b. 1985 in mililing village, wuchuan, zhanjiang, guangdong; father a primary-school teacher. entered zhejiang university at 17, meng in information and communication engineering under xiang zhiyu (thesis: low-cost ptz-camera target tracking). the 2008–2015 automated-trading years are his own telling — rmb 80,000 to nine-figure-rmb wealth, self-reported. per the 36kr profiles he still 'reads papers, writes code, and joins group discussions' like any researcher; he is a co-author on the technical papers — wenfeng liang on the fire-flyer ai-hpc paper and the v3/r1 author lists — unusual for a ceo. near-zero public profile until january 20, 2025, when he briefed premier li qiang the same day r1 shipped; february 17 he sat in xi jinping's private-enterprise symposium; april 17 he met jensen huang about compliant chip designs. wealth: hurun debut rmb 33b, march 2025; bloomberg ~$36b in july 2026 — the world's richest ai-model founder. donated rmb 138m to charity in 2022 under the pseudonym 'an ordinary little pig.'",
     "role": "founder",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-baidu-liang",
       "src-hp-ie-liang",
       "src-hp-wikidata-liang",
       "src-hp-bianews-history",
       "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
       "src-hp-fireflyer-paper",
       "src-hp-scmp-liqiang",
       "src-hp-standard-xi",
       "src-hp-guardian-huang",
       "src-hp-technode-hurun",
       "src-hp-bloomberg-liang-rich",
       "src-hp-highflyer-history"
     ]
   }

2. xu jin 徐进 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-be6f8b73c366514c5aff · source-4755751047a40c60459b · source-1bf841ac806c7e5c226a

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "xujin",
     "name": "xu jin 徐进",
     "note": "co-founder since jacobi (2013). zju chu kochen college mixed-honors class, then a phd in signal and information processing — a main member of the yutu lunar-rover visual-navigation research project. co-founded 每日科技 (now getui/merit interactive, a listed data company), then huawei's shanghai research institute. long the technical director of the quant entities and legal representative of zhejiang jiuzhang; ~7.5% of jiuzhang.",
     "role": "co-founder",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-zju-xujin",
       "src-hp-simuwang-xujin",
       "src-hp-sina-jiuzhang"
     ]
   }

3. zheng dawei 郑达韡 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-bdfe5eb28960d86ee245 · source-6a3f20efdd094ce75309 · source-1bf841ac806c7e5c226a

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "zhengdawei",
     "name": "zheng dawei 郑达韡",
     "note": "zju classmate and named partner — a researcher at shanda innovation institute in 2011–12 before jacobi. co-leads the ai side of high-flyer with li huan; ~7.5% of jiuzhang.",
     "role": "co-founder",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-bianews-history",
       "src-hp-ylcf-visit",
       "src-hp-sina-jiuzhang"
     ]
   }

4. chen zhe 陈哲 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-bdfe5eb28960d86ee245 · source-6a3f20efdd094ce75309

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "chenzhe",
     "name": "chen zhe 陈哲",
     "note": "named partner — a former guangfa securities asset-management quant who runs pricing: options and bonds.",
     "role": "team",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-bianews-history",
       "src-hp-ylcf-visit"
     ]
   }

5. li huan 李欢 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-bdfe5eb28960d86ee245

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "lihuan",
     "name": "li huan 李欢",
     "note": "named partner — co-leads the ai side of high-flyer with zheng dawei.",
     "role": "team",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-bianews-history"
     ]
   }

6. lu zhengzhe 陆政哲 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-6feab600f051b144f29c · source-3b30ace69e9a82d19061 · source-4755751047a40c60459b · source-5d93edc5ddf5a4b474c0

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "luzhengzhe",
     "name": "lu zhengzhe 陆政哲",
     "note": "the current ceo of high-flyer — the fund's public-facing executive while liang runs the lab. ex-china-merchants-system background per the august 2025 rebate-case reporting.",
     "role": "team",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-wiki-highflyer",
       "src-hp-jamestown",
       "src-hp-simuwang-xujin",
       "src-hp-qq-corruption"
     ]
   }

7. yan wentao 严文韬 · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-283e93435d2ddd938012

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "yanwentao",
     "name": "yan wentao 严文韬",
     "note": "the lab's first cfo, hired ~september 2025 — b. 1991, an ex-tencent invest / h capital / hillhouse ventures partner whose portfolio included minimax and zhipu. the hire was widely read as fundraising groundwork, seven months before the first external round opened.",
     "role": "team",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-163-cfo"
     ]
   }

8. the researchers · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-18cca0f635c86b01004f · source-8498b08817447617ace2 · source-f166058456f5b0b80d25 · source-9cf44c117148b2accdb2 · source-8c4f3c921515457aa121 · source-41075e1d48b8139ae11e · source-484dd7f3fa046546f045 · source-e938c07bee95b5d32294 · source-07c47cf932a91d46e10f

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "researchers",
     "name": "the researchers",
     "note": "the lab runs flat: no titles, no departments, bottom-up staffing, and anyone can call training-cluster gpus without approval; the hiring screen is 'passion and curiosity' plus competition medals, with pay reportedly benchmarked above bytedance offers. the papers name the names: guo daya 郭达雅 (b. 1994, sun yat-sen phd and msra — codebert/graphcodebert — core contributor to coder, math, prover, v2, coder-v2, v3, and r1, and co-creator of grpo, >37k citations); zhihong shao, lead on deepseekmath, the prover line, and math-v2; plus the recurring core across the v2/v3/r1/fire-flyer author lists — damai dai (moe), aixin liu, junxiao song, chengqi deng (infra chief per reporting), peiyi wang, runxin xu, qihao zhu, deli chen, zhenda xie, wangding zeng, xiao bi. no public cto or chief-scientist title exists; release notes and papers are the lab's only consistent public voice.",
     "role": "team",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
       "src-hp-donga",
       "src-hp-guoday",
       "src-hp-techbuzz-guo",
       "src-hp-deepseekmath-github",
       "src-hp-mathv2-github",
       "src-hp-fireflyer-paper",
       "src-hp-nature-r1",
       "src-hp-xinhua-office"
     ]
   }

9. the diaspora · deepseek-people

   Original location · source-2854b6ea42cd02079c87 · source-02be4f0e6ccb6980567b · source-1983ce14ac605f72b9de · source-f166058456f5b0b80d25

   Original structured fields

   {
     "handle": null,
     "id": "diaspora",
     "name": "the diaspora",
     "note": "the talent-war inversion — the lab famous for raising unknown graduates became the poaching ground once external money arrived. luo fuli, described as a key v3 architect, left for xiaomi's mimo as llm lead; wang bingxuan went to tencent hunyuan; chong ruan became deeproute.ai's chief scientist; wei haoran of the ocr work departed ~february 2026; and guo daya left in april 2026 for bytedance seed as an agent lead. ~10 names on the v4 report's ~300-author list are flagged former employees.",
     "role": "team",
     "sourceIds": [
       "src-hp-sinocism-departures",
       "src-hp-newsglobe-departures",
       "src-hp-gogoai-departures",
       "src-hp-guoday"
     ]
   }

10. technological idealism · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "technological idealism"
    }

11. open weights as strategy · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "open weights as strategy"
    }

12. constraint as engine · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "constraint as engine"
    }

13. originality over imitation · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "originality over imitation"
    }

14. the whale's money · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "the whale's money"
    }

15. young and homegrown · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "young and homegrown"
    }

16. research, not products · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "research, not products"
    }

17. the long bet · deepseek-themes

    Original location

    Original structured fields

    {
      "text": "the long bet"
    }

18. 一名程序员眼里中国量化投资的未来 · deepseek-writings · 2019-09 (month)

    Original location · source-ea0ac8b7637642df3d19 · source-b9b8c77ec53604cbeddb

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2019-09",
      "id": "wrt-goldenbull",
      "kind": "talk",
      "person": "liang",
      "quotes": [
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-xueqiu-speech",
          "text": "when a person makes an investment decision, it is an art — it takes feel. when a program makes the decision, it is a science — it has an optimal solution"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-xueqiu-speech",
          "text": "a quant has no fund managers — the fund manager is a rack of servers"
        }
      ],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-xueqiu-speech",
        "src-hp-tencentcloud-speech"
      ],
      "summary": "liang's rare public speech at the golden bull forum — 'the future of china's quant investing through a programmer's eyes' — predicting head-concentration of quant aum and multi-strategy superposition, two years before the fund hit its ~rmb 100b peak.",
      "themes": [
        "technological idealism",
        "the long bet"
      ],
      "title": "一名程序员眼里中国量化投资的未来",
      "traction": "text circulated on xueqiu and tencent cloud's developer news",
      "url": "https://xueqiu.com/3619239198/132180425",
      "venue": "golden bull forum"
    }

19. 疯狂的幻方：一家隐形ai巨头的大模型之路 · deepseek-writings · 2023-05-24 (day)

    Original location · source-d8f166a71b2413c44e59

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2023-05-24",
      "id": "wrt-interview1",
      "kind": "interview",
      "person": "liang",
      "quotes": [
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-36kr-interview1",
          "text": "from the earliest single card, to 100 cards in 2015, 1,000 in 2019, then 10,000"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-36kr-interview1",
          "text": "our llm work has nothing directly to do with quant or finance; we built a separate company called deepseek for it"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-36kr-interview1",
          "text": "we have compute and an engineering team — that is half our chips"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-36kr-interview1",
          "text": "clear goal: no verticals, no apps — research and exploration"
        }
      ],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-36kr-interview1"
      ],
      "summary": "'crazy high-flyer: an invisible ai giant's llm road' — the first-ever public interview, given to 36kr/暗涌's 于丽丽 weeks after the agi pivot. names 深度求索, discloses the gpu ladder, and explains why vcs were never an option: 'we want to do it, we can do it — that makes us one of the right people.'",
      "themes": [
        "the whale's money",
        "research, not products",
        "constraint as engine"
      ],
      "title": "疯狂的幻方：一家隐形ai巨头的大模型之路",
      "traction": "the naming interview",
      "url": "https://m.36kr.com/p/2272896094586500",
      "venue": "36kr / 暗涌"
    }

20. 揭秘deepseek：一个更极致的中国技术理想主义故事 · deepseek-writings · 2024-07-17 (day)

    Original location · source-18cca0f635c86b01004f · source-dbf6f6ace1480cf71e6d · source-44ca37e9866b382cba73

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2024-07-17",
      "id": "wrt-interview2",
      "kind": "interview",
      "person": "liang",
      "quotes": [
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
          "text": "we didn't mean to be a catfish; we just accidentally became one"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
          "text": "people say china trails the us by a year or two; the real gap is originality vs. imitation. unless that changes, china can only ever be a follower"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
          "text": "against disruptive technology, closed-source moats are short-lived — our moat is an organization and culture that can innovate"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
          "text": "open source is a cultural act more than a commercial one; giving is an honor"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
          "text": "no short-term financing plan — our problem has never been money, it's the embargo on high-end chips"
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
          "text": "no unfathomable geniuses — fresh grads, fourth- and fifth-year phd interns, kids a few years out. no overseas returnees on v2; all homegrown"
        }
      ],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-36kr-interview2",
        "src-hp-wallstreetcn-interview2",
        "src-hp-laojinchuhai"
      ],
      "summary": "'a more extreme chinese techno-idealism story' — the canonical text, called one of the most-cited chinese ai texts globally. the cost-plus pricing doctrine, the contributor-not-free-rider argument, the bottom-up org with unbounded cluster access, and the agi timeline: '2, 5 or 10 years — within our lifetimes.'",
      "themes": [
        "technological idealism",
        "open weights as strategy",
        "originality over imitation",
        "young and homegrown"
      ],
      "title": "揭秘deepseek：一个更极致的中国技术理想主义故事",
      "traction": "republished in english by chinatalk, crossing river, and jiexu after the r1 shock",
      "url": "https://www.36kr.com/p/2872793466982535",
      "venue": "36kr / 暗涌"
    }

21. fire-flyer ai-hpc · deepseek-writings · 2024-08 (month)

    Original location · source-484dd7f3fa046546f045 · source-f1460597d508ab02298f

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2024-08",
      "id": "wrt-fireflyer-paper",
      "kind": "document",
      "person": "researchers",
      "quotes": [],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-fireflyer-paper",
        "src-hp-sc24"
      ],
      "summary": "the fire-flyer ai-hpc paper — how ~10,000 pcie a100s approximate dgx-a100 performance at ~half the cost and 60% of the energy, with the hfreduce comms library and 3fs filesystem. the ~50-author list is signed 'deepseek ai' and includes wenfeng liang — documentary proof the fund's infrastructure team became the lab.",
      "themes": [
        "constraint as engine",
        "the whale's money"
      ],
      "title": "fire-flyer ai-hpc",
      "traction": "sc24 technical program",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.14158",
      "venue": "arxiv / sc24"
    }

22. deepseek-v3 technical report · deepseek-writings · 2024-12-26 (day)

    Original location · source-cb7def241433bab28387 · source-955f7b736ee7badf8be0 · source-6c7e8ede71f8e5814324

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2024-12-26",
      "id": "wrt-v3-report",
      "kind": "document",
      "person": "researchers",
      "quotes": [],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-tencent-quant",
        "src-hp-allen-testimony",
        "src-hp-nextplatform"
      ],
      "summary": "the deepseek-v3 technical report — 671b/37b-active moe, 14.8t tokens, and the claim that launched a market event: 2.788m h800 gpu-hours ≈ $5.576m, explicitly scoped to the final official pre-training run and excluding prior research and ablations.",
      "themes": [
        "constraint as engine",
        "open weights as strategy"
      ],
      "title": "deepseek-v3 technical report",
      "traction": "arxiv 2412.19437; the $5.6m figure misattributed to r1 for months",
      "url": null,
      "venue": "arxiv"
    }

23. open source week · deepseek-writings · 2025-02-24 (day)

    Original location · source-74a93aa95f3b6234dd5a · source-bcc46f92692024a42ba3 · source-a01600985b6f6156b018

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2025-02-24",
      "id": "wrt-openinfra",
      "kind": "post",
      "person": "researchers",
      "quotes": [],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-openinfra",
        "src-hp-flashmla",
        "src-hp-hfai-blog"
      ],
      "summary": "the open-infra-index — open source week's six daily drops: flashmla, deepep, deepgemm, dualpipe, eplb with profile data, then 3fs and smallpond. the fund's internal stack — hfreduce, hfai.nn, the fire-flyer filesystem — published as public goods.",
      "themes": [
        "open weights as strategy",
        "constraint as engine"
      ],
      "title": "open source week",
      "traction": "six repos in six days",
      "url": "https://github.com/deepseek-ai/open-infra-index",
      "venue": "github"
    }

24. deepseek-r1 (nature 645:633–638) · deepseek-writings · 2025-09-17 (day)

    Original location · source-e938c07bee95b5d32294 · source-5c8b16ad6ab086f7f201 · source-2039c5d845cf2c66194b

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2025-09-17",
      "id": "wrt-r1-paper",
      "kind": "document",
      "person": "researchers",
      "quotes": [],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-nature-r1",
        "src-ci-nature-secrets",
        "src-ci-sciam-secrets"
      ],
      "summary": "guo, yang, zhang et al., 'deepseek-r1' — the first major llm through full peer review. the nature version adds the disclosures the preprint lacked: ~$294k of rl compute atop the base model, and the statement that r1 did not train on openai-generated reasoning examples while conceding the base model ingested web ai-content like all llms.",
      "themes": [
        "constraint as engine",
        "research, not products"
      ],
      "title": "deepseek-r1 (nature 645:633–638)",
      "traction": "submitted feb 14, accepted jul 17, published sep 17 — the peer-review precedent",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09422-z",
      "venue": "nature"
    }

25. deepseekmath-v2 · deepseek-writings · 2025-11-27 (day)

    Original location · source-0717d97c131076abd0d3 · source-41075e1d48b8139ae11e

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2025-11-27",
      "id": "wrt-mathv2-paper",
      "kind": "document",
      "person": "researchers",
      "quotes": [],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-mathv2",
        "src-hp-mathv2-github"
      ],
      "summary": "deepseekmath-v2 — self-verifiable theorem proving at gold-level imo-2025 and cmo-2024, 118/120 on putnam 2024. the proof line running on scaled test-time compute.",
      "themes": [
        "research, not products",
        "constraint as engine"
      ],
      "title": "deepseekmath-v2",
      "traction": "arxiv 2511.22570",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/html/2511.22570",
      "venue": "arxiv"
    }

26. the '64 quotes' investor-call leak · deepseek-writings · 2026 (year)

    Original location · source-09b934fff6995e358d07

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2026",
      "id": "wrt-investor-call",
      "kind": "document",
      "person": "liang",
      "quotes": [],
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-geopolitechs-quotes"
      ],
      "summary": "the purported 'investor call' transcript — '64 quotes' circulated on aggregator posts: ~20,000 'h-equivalent' gpus, '12–18 months behind the us,' api priced to recoup hardware in ~10 months, 'we don't really have an organization — we're driven by a vision.' unverified — likely leaked notes from the 2026 fundraising roadshow; cataloged with that flag.",
      "themes": [
        "the whale's money",
        "technological idealism"
      ],
      "title": "the '64 quotes' investor-call leak",
      "traction": "unverified — treated as a leak, not a transcript",
      "url": "https://www.geopolitechs.org/p/deepseek-founder-liang-wenfeng-in",
      "venue": "geopolitechs (unverified)"
    }

27. the self-reported origin · people-controversies · 2008– (approximate)

    Original location · source-bdfe5eb28960d86ee245 · source-a78f87f97a8c985afc43 · source-ed8bc145c7250139bc50

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2008–",
      "detail": "the origin story is his own telling — the rmb 80,000 compounding >100% annually into nine-figure-rmb wealth comes from liang's 2015 retelling, relayed by bianews, with no independent verification. the birthdate is '1985' everywhere; the may-22 date is single-source. dji's wang tao reportedly tried to recruit him — reported, not confirmed.",
      "id": "cty-origin-story",
      "reaction": "the dossier keeps the story and the flag: the self-made-trader account is load-bearing mythology until a second source exists.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-bianews-history",
        "src-hp-ie-liang",
        "src-hp-baidu-liang"
      ],
      "title": "the self-reported origin"
    }

28. the travel curbs · people-controversies · 2025-03 (month)

    Original location · source-962d2803360eebbb097c · source-0e3262b7d693565b113d · source-387bb19da55eb2b662be

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2025-03",
      "detail": "the information reported that some deepseek staff must surrender passports to high-flyer, that zhejiang officials screen would-be investors, and — per the wsj — that beijing warned top ai founders against us travel. anonymous-sourced reporting throughout; neither company has detailed a response.",
      "id": "cty-passports",
      "reaction": "documented state proximity is real — the symposiums are confirmed; the degree of directive control is known only through anonymous-sourced reporting.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-verge-passports",
        "src-hp-decoder-travel",
        "src-hp-techcrunch-watch"
      ],
      "title": "the travel curbs"
    }

29. the rebate scandal · people-controversies · 2024–2025 (approximate)

    Original location · source-5d93edc5ddf5a4b474c0 · source-af8b059029bf00b00ee6

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2024–2025",
      "detail": "the whale's compliance stain: high-flyer marketing director li cheng was detained in november 2024; reporting in august 2025 detailed a 2018–2023 scheme with a china merchants securities branch manager skimming ~rmb 118m of trading-commission rebates — over rmb 20m to li personally. cms executive gao xiang was investigated in may 2025.",
      "id": "cty-rebate",
      "reaction": "high-flyer's position: individual misconduct the company was unaware of. the case is the first real compliance mark on the patron.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-qq-corruption",
        "src-hp-sina-corruption"
      ],
      "title": "the rebate scandal"
    }

30. the poaching ground · people-controversies · 2025–2026 (approximate)

    Original location · source-02be4f0e6ccb6980567b · source-2854b6ea42cd02079c87 · source-f166058456f5b0b80d25

    Original structured fields

    {
      "date": "2025–2026",
      "detail": "the flat structure's cost: no titles, no departments, unbounded cluster access — and then the poaching began. ~10 v4-report authors now sit at bytedance seed, tencent hunyuan, deeproute, and xiaomi; guo daya's april 2026 exit for seed's agent lead was the headline departure.",
      "id": "cty-talent-war",
      "reaction": "read both ways at once: validation of liang's 'we can build the top-50 talent ourselves' claim, and a real cost once external money arrived.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hp-newsglobe-departures",
        "src-hp-sinocism-departures",
        "src-hp-guoday"
      ],
      "title": "the poaching ground"
    }