# deepseek: coverage

> what the discourse made of deepseek — the sputnik week, the crash, the bans, the censorship and chip sourcing debates, and the incumbent turn.

## coverage

- 2023-05 – 2024-07 — [the 暗涌 interviews](https://m.36kr.com/p/2272896094586500) (36kr / chinatalk / crossing river, 于丽丽 / 暗涌) — positive. the two 36kr/暗涌 interviews are the discovery coverage — 'a hidden ai giant' (2023) then 'a more extreme chinese techno-idealism story' (2024). after the shock, chinatalk, crossing river, and jiexu translate them into english and they become the most-cited chinese ai texts in the world. traction: english translations circulate after r1
- 2024-05 — [the price war the west missed](https://www.techflowpost.com/article/detail_17830.html) (chinese tech press) — mixed. v2's ~rmb-1-per-million-token pricing ignites china's llm price war — bytedance's doubao answers at ¥0.0008/1k tokens (a 99.3% cut) and alibaba, baidu, and tencent follow. the coverage is chinese and trade-scale; the west hasn't noticed the lab yet. traction: 80–97% price cuts across the chinese majors
- 2025-01 — [crippled hardware, frontier model](https://www.nextplatform.com) (the next platform et al.) — positive. v3's technical-report coverage — 'how deepseek trained a frontier model on crippled hardware' — is the trade-press tell that something moved in december. the $5.576m figure enters circulation here, scoped correctly at first.
- 2025-01-24 — [the sputnik post](https://fortune.com) (fortune / npr) — positive. andreessen's 'sputnik moment' post becomes the frame for everything after — 'a profound gift to the world.' within days the analogy is being critiqued for its premises. traction: the defining metaphor of january
- 2025-01-26 — [#1 over chatgpt](https://techcrunch.com) (techcrunch / business insider / venturebeat) — positive. the app-store coverage — deepseek passes chatgpt at #1 in the us and tops 51 other countries, with launch-day western coverage of the model itself framing it as an open-weights event. traction: #1 in 52 countries
- 2025-01-28 — [who built this](https://www.wired.com) (wired) — positive. wired's origin-story feature — the lab 'made' by a hedge fund — and the first wave of profiles that explain to western readers who built this.
- 2025-01-27 — [the crash](https://www.cbsnews.com) (cbs / fortune / verge / nbc) — mixed. the crash coverage — nvidia −17%, ~$589–600b in a day, 'single-biggest one-day loss,' nasdaq −3.1%, ~$1t wiped. trump calls it 'a wake-up call' and 'a positive'; the market story and the policy story split from here. traction: ~$1t market cap wiped
- 2025-01-27 — [the jevons counter](https://fortune.com) (fortune / geekwire / the conversation) — mixed. nadella posts the jevons-paradox counter — 'as ai gets more efficient and accessible, we will see its use skyrocket' — and the energy-economics debate follows: efficiency gains consumed by demand.
- 2025-01-29 — [the war rooms](https://www.theverge.com) (the verge / techcrunch / business insider) — mixed. the meta war-room coverage — reports of scramble teams reverse-engineering r1, zuckerberg's leaked all-hands, and the 'hundreds of billions' capex pledge. the disruption story becomes an incumbent-defense story.
- 2025-01-29 — [on deepseek and export control](https://darioamodei.com) (darioamodei.com / techcrunch, dario amodei) — critical. amodei's 'on deepseek and export control' essay — the 7–10-months-older, on-trend argument that r1 does not obviate export controls. simon willison's notes flag what the essay omits: the open-weights point. traction: the incumbent counter-argument
- 2025-02-10 — [what is deepseek worth](https://www.bloomberg.com) (bloomberg) — mixed. the valuation-range debate — bloomberg surveys guesses from ~$1b to $150b for a company that had never taken outside money. nobody can price the whale. traction: estimates ranged ~$1b to $150b
- 2025-01-31 — [the 50k-gpu estimate](https://newsletter.semianalysis.com) (semianalysis / techspot) — critical. semianalysis estimates ~50,000 hopper-class gpus accessible to deepseek — 10k h800s, 10k h100s, plus h20 orders — far beyond the 10k-a100 documented fleet. techspot amplifies the ~$1.6b-scale infrastructure reading. traction: estimate, not registry
- 2025-01-31 — [the commerce probe](https://www.reuters.com) (reuters) — critical. reuters reports the us commerce department is probing whether deepseek used restricted chips; organized smuggling routes through malaysia, singapore, and the uae enter the coverage.
- 2025-02 — [the smuggling trail](https://www.reuters.com) (reuters / tom's hardware) — critical. the smuggling trail hardens — singapore charges three men with fraud over server shipments containing nvidia gpus; singapore's share of nvidia revenue is reported climbing 9%→22%; customs-documented 'lobster' cases show chips mislabeled as other goods. traction: three charged in singapore
- 2025-04 – 2025-06 — [the h20 squeeze](https://www.theguardian.com) (the guardian / asia times) — critical. the h20 squeeze and the huang–liang meeting — the last compliant channel requires licenses, nvidia's ceo flies to beijing, and a state-department official's allegation that deepseek aided china's military adds the national-security layer.
- 2025-01-30 — [italy blocks first](https://www.garanteprivacy.it) (reuters / garante) — critical. italy's garante orders deepseek blocked — the first national action — calling the company's response 'totally insufficient.' traction: first national block
- 2025-01-28 – 2025-02 — [the us cascade](https://www.congress.gov) (cnbc / ap / congress) — critical. the us cascade — the navy's all-hands email, nasa's memo, texas's first state ban, then h.r.1121 (the 'no deepseek on government devices act') with gottheimer's 'five-alarm national-security fire' framing; state actions follow in new york, virginia, oregon, north carolina. traction: a federal bill and state bans
- 2025-02 — [the ban map](https://www.aljazeera.com) (al jazeera / techcrunch / korea herald) — critical. the global map — australia, taiwan, and korean ministries restrict the app; korea's pipc halts new downloads over data transfers to volcano engine, resuming in april after ~two months. traction: a dozen jurisdictions
- 2025-01-28 — [the refusal strings](https://www.theguardian.com) (the guardian / the independent) — critical. the tiananmen refusal coverage — the guardian publishes the verbatim refusal string; the independent reports the app elicits pro-ccp-biased outputs on sensitive topics. app-layer serving behavior, not the weights.
- 2025-01-28 — [the self-censoring stream](https://www.nbcnews.com) (nbc news) — critical. nbc's real-time self-censoring observations — answers appearing, then deleting themselves mid-generation on sensitive prompts.
- 2025-01 – 2025-09 — [censorship in the weights](https://www.wired.com) (wired / arxiv / nist-caisi) — critical. the layered-censorship coverage — wired separates app-layer serving from in-weights tendencies; the r1dacted paper argues censorship sits in the base model; nist's caisi evaluation and secondary summaries keep the model-level findings in the record. traction: r1dacted + caisi findings
- 2025-01-27 — [uncensored by hosting](https://mspoweruser.com) (mspoweruser) — mixed. the hosted-serving counterweight — perplexity's srinivas announces us/eu-hosted r1 as uncensored, demonstrating that the serving layer, not the weights alone, determines refusal behavior.
- 2025-01-29 – 2025-01-30 — [the open database](https://www.wiz.io) (wiz / techcrunch) — critical. wiz discloses the open clickhouse database — chat history, api secrets, backend details, unauthenticated — secured after disclosure. the first security finding lands inside the hype week.
- 2025-01-31 – 2025-02 — [the jailbreak findings](https://blogs.cisco.com) (cisco / qualys / unit42 / wired) — critical. the jailbreak pile-on — cisco reports 100% harmbench attack-success on r1, qualys documents distilled-r1-8b failures, unit42 catalogs working bypasses, and wired's testers 'didn't stop a single one' of their attempts. traction: 100% harmbench asr reported
- 2025-02 — [the app forensics](https://krebsonsecurity.com) (krebs / abc / ars technica) — critical. the privacy forensics — krebs documents device fingerprinting; feroot finds a direct path toward china mobile infrastructure; nowsecure finds hardcoded 3des keys in the ios app.
- 2025-01-29 — [the distillation claims](https://www.theverge.com) (ft via axios / verge / gizmodo) — critical. the distillation claims — openai tells the ft it has evidence deepseek used its models 'inappropriately'; microsoft reportedly flagged suspicious api exfiltration; axios and the verge amplify; scmp notes distillation is industry-common. no public evidence drop ever follows. traction: asserted, not evidenced publicly
- 2025 – 2026 — [what $5.576m actually bought](https://theteardown.co) (house testimony / the teardown) — mixed. the cost teardown — the $5.576m figure is real but narrow: one final pre-training run at $2/gpu-hour, per allen's house testimony and the postmortem writeups. the teardown literature separates the number from 'r1 cost $6m to build.'
- 2025 — [optimization, not revolution](https://www.ifri.org) (ifri / lcfi) — mixed. the counter-takes — ifri's 'optimization, not revolution' reading and the sputnik-analogy critique argue the shock was a pricing and narrative event more than a capability leap.
- 2025-01-21 — [r1 day at the symposium](https://www.scmp.com) (scmp / reuters) — mixed. the premier's symposium — liang briefs li qiang on the draft government work report as one of nine speakers, the same day r1 ships. the state-adjacency coverage starts here.
- 2025-02-17 — [the xi symposium](https://www.thestandard.com.hk) (the standard / techcrunch) — mixed. the xi symposium coverage — liang seated with ma, ma, ren, wang, and lei at xi's private-enterprise meeting, confirmed through state media's yuyuantantian account; the domestic 'deepseek fever' deployment wave follows through march. traction: state-media confirmed
- 2025-04-16 — [deepseek unmasked](https://chinaselectcommittee.house.gov) (house select committee / cyberscoop) — critical. the house select committee's 'deepseek unmasked' report and the $420m high-flyer funding claim push the patron into the national-security frame — the whale itself becomes a coverage object.
- 2025-02 – 2025-03 — [the passport story](https://www.theverge.com) (the information / wsj via verge / techcrunch) — critical. the travel-curbs coverage — the information's passport reporting, the wsj's us-travel warning to founders, zhejiang officials screening investors. the '~130 lab staff / ~200 fund staff' headcount enters circulation.
- 2025-05 — [the panic post-mortem](https://thezvi.substack.com) (thezvi, zvi mowshowitz) — mixed. the post-mortem on the january panic — r1-0528 'did not have a moment'; the coverage reads the shock's narrative factors rather than a capability gap that persisted.
- 2025-09-17 — [the peer-review precedent](https://www.nature.com) (nature / scientific american) — positive. the nature coverage — the first major llm through full peer review; the referee exchange surfaces the $294k rl-cost disclosure and deepseek's on-record denial of training on openai-generated reasoning examples. traction: nature 645:633–638
- 2025-07 – 2025-11 — [the second deepseek moment](https://xpert.digital) (xpert / linkedin / turingpost) — positive. the 'second deepseek moment' frame — kimi k2 thinking beats gpt-5 on hle and browsecomp; the chinese open-weights landscape coverage treats the lab's ecosystem strategy as the new normal. traction: kimi k2 thinking
- 2026-02-23 — [the anthropic disclosure](https://www.anthropic.com) (anthropic via cnbc / verge / bloomberg) — critical. the anthropic disclosure coverage — ~24k fraudulent accounts, >16m claude exchanges, deepseek's ~150k+ called 'most technically sophisticated,' including censorship-safe prompt generation. the distillation story returns with numbers attached — and an accused-party response still unpublished. traction: 150k+ exchanges attributed
- 2026 — [the incumbent turn](https://www.bloomberg.com) (bloomberg / hindustan times / sedaily) — mixed. the incumbent coverage — v4's ascend-tuned delay, the $52b-ish close and star-market ipo prep, the august api price hike (up to ~12x on cache hits) that reads like the price-war catfish raising prices. traction: ipo prep reported
- 2026 — [a year on](https://www.scmp.com) (scmp / nature / newsglobe) — mixed. the retrospective layer — scmp's year-on look-back, the nature study of chinese-vs-us media framing, and the departures coverage ('~10 of ~300 v4 authors now former') close the arc from shock to institution.

## controversies

- 2025-01 – 2026 — what the $5.576m bought: the $5.576m misreading — the v3 report's figure is one final pre-training run (2.788m h800 gpu-hours at an assumed $2/hour), not the v3 or r1 program cost. 'r1 cost $6m to train' propagated anyway; the teardown literature had to keep re-anchoring the number. reaction: allen's house testimony and the postmortems re-scope the figure; the $294k rl-stage disclosure in the nature paper adds a second, separately-scoped number. (sources: [allen's house testimony: the $5.576m math](https://republicans-science.house.gov/_cache/files/0/d/0d8e8a6c-2a09-413d-9d78-e21df078bc9e/EAB890C6D96E33647BC244A4EFCC742660C0EE09981A7B46E6BC1EC8C80F5386.gregory-c.-allen-testimony.pdf), [the teardown: $5.576m real but narrow](https://www.theteardown.co/deepseek), [apples-to-oranges cost accounting](https://creativestrategies.com/dispelling-deepseek-myths-studying-v3/), [r1 peer-reviewed](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09422-z))
- 2025-01 – 2026-02 — the distillation question: the distillation accusation — openai told the ft it had evidence; microsoft reportedly flagged suspicious api exfiltration in fall 2024; sacks claimed 'substantial evidence.' no public technical evidence was published. in february 2026 anthropic released its own figures — ~24k fraudulent accounts, ~150k+ claude exchanges attributed to deepseek — the most detailed account to date, still one-sided. reaction: deepseek's on-record position, in the nature referee exchange: r1 was not trained on openai-generated reasoning examples, while conceding the base model ingests web ai-content like every llm. (sources: [inappropriately distilled quote](https://www.axios.com/2025/01/29/openai-deepseek-ai-models-data-training), [openai evidence claim](https://www.theverge.com/news/601195/openai-evidence-deepseek-distillation-ai-data), [openai reviewing evidence](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/29/technology/openai-deepseek-data-harvest.html), [anthropics own account: 24k accts/16m exchanges](https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks), [openai-distillation denial in referee exchange](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/secrets-of-chinese-ai-model-deepseek-revealed-in-landmark-paper/), [distillation industry-common](https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3296827/deepseeks-ai-distillation-theft-openai-seeks-answers-over-chinas-breakthrough))
- 2025-01 – 2025-08 — where did the gpus come from: the chip-sourcing question — ~10,000 a100s are documented (bought pre-controls); the 2,048 h800s in the v3 run are self-reported; semianalysis estimates ~50,000 hopper-class gpus accessible; singapore charged three men over smuggled servers; a state-department official alleged military linkage. nvidia's position: its customers acquired chips lawfully. reaction: each layer of the inventory claim carries a different evidence class — registry/paper, self-report, analyst estimate, and prosecutor allegation — and the dossier keeps them separate. (sources: [~50k hopper-class estimate (10k h800 + 10k h100 + h20 orders)](https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/deepseek-debates), [commerce probe](https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-looking-into-whether-deepseek-used-restricted-ai-chips-source-says-2025-01-31/), [singapore charges three with fraud](https://www.reuters.com/technology/singapore-charges-three-with-fraud-that-media-link-nvidia-chips-2025-02-28/), [singapore share of nvidia revenue 9%→22%](https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/artificial-intelligence/u-s-investigates-whether-deepseek-smuggled-nvidia-ai-gpus-via-singapore), [state dept official allegation](https://asiatimes.com/2025/06/deepseek-gets-nvidias-high-end-gpus-via-singapore-us-official/))
- 2025-01 – 2025-09 — three kinds of censorship: the censorship layering — app-level refusal strings, real-time self-censoring streams, in-weights tendencies (r1dacted, caisi), and hosted-serving behavior are different claims; perplexity's uncensored us-hosted r1 demonstrated the serving layer matters. reaction: the dossier treats each layer separately — serving behavior is not a weights property, and a weights tendency is not identical to the app's refusals. (sources: [refusal string verbatim](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/28/we-tried-out-deepseek-it-works-well-until-we-asked-it-about-tiananmen-square-and-taiwan), [real-time self-censoring observations](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/deepseek-censorship-china-rcna189594), [app-layer vs in-weights censorship layers](https://www.wired.com/story/deepseek-censorship/), [censorship embedded in base model](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12625), [press release](https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2025/09/caisi-evaluation-deepseek-ai-models-finds-shortcomings-and-risks), [srinivas: us/eu-hosted, uncensored](https://mspoweruser.com/you-can-now-try-uncensored-deepseek-r1-via-perplexity-ps-its-us-hosted/))
- 2025-01 – 2025-02 — the security pile-on: the security week — an open clickhouse database with chat history and api secrets (wiz), 100% harmbench attack-success (cisco), hardcoded 3des keys (nowsecure), device fingerprinting (krebs), and a reported path to china mobile infrastructure (feroot). reaction: the database was secured after disclosure; the findings stand as the fastest security scrutiny any lab has received. (sources: [open clickhouse](https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak), [100% harmbench asr](https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evaluating-security-risk-in-deepseek-and-other-frontier-reasoning-models), [3des hardcoded keys](https://arstechnica.com/security/2025/02/deepseek-ios-app-sends-data-unencrypted-to-bytedance-controlled-servers/), [device fingerprinting](https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/02/experts-flag-security-privacy-risks-in-deepseek-ai-app/), [tsarynny: direct path to the prc claim](https://abcnews.com/US/deepseek-coding-capability-transfer-users-data-directly-chinese/story?id=118465451))
- 2025-02 – 2026-09 — the valuation fog: the valuation fog — february 2025 guesses ran ~$1b to $150b; the 2026 round reports conflict: ~rmb 300b (~$45b) at open, ~$52b per forbes, and higher headline figures elsewhere; htx reported a much smaller ≥$300m / ≥$10b sizing. liang's own injection (up to rmb 20b) and the state-capital lead are reported, not filed. reaction: no filing exists; every figure in the round coverage is reported. the dossier keeps the conflicting numbers rather than picking one. (sources: [feb-2025 valuation-range debate ($1b vs $150b)](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-10/deepseek-could-make-founder-liang-wenfeng-one-of-the-world-s-richest-people), [may-8 round launch](https://www.coinlive.com/news/deepseek-s-liang-wenfeng-we-don-t-want-alibaba-s-money-we-ll-contribute), [the forbes liang profile: $39.8b](https://www.forbes.com/profile/liang-wenfeng/), [alternate sizing (≥$300m / ≥$10b) — conflicts](https://www.htx.com/news/Industry%20News-NaLeqzRL/), [deepseek on linkedin: the $7.4b round](https://linkedin.com/company/deepseek-ai))

## sentiment eras

- 2023–2024 — the invisible giant (positive): the invisible-giant phase — the lab exists in chinese trade coverage and two 暗涌 interviews; the v2 price war and v3's release register locally while western coverage is essentially zero. (sources: [first-ever liang interview](https://m.36kr.com/p/2272896094586500), [the canonical techno-idealism interview (于丽丽/暗涌)](https://www.36kr.com/p/2872793466982535), [doubao at ¥0.0008/1k tokens; 99.3% cut](https://techflowpost.com/en-US/article/17993), [how deepseek trained on crippled hardware](https://www.nextplatform.com/ai/2025/01/27/how-did-deepseek-train-its-ai-model-on-a-lot-less-and-crippled-hardware/1656116))
- 2025-01-20 – 2025-01-27 — the sputnik week (positive): the sputnik week — 'a profound gift to the world,' #1 in 52 countries, janus shipped into the chaos. coverage is awestruck and adoption-led: r1 lands in azure ai foundry within days. (sources: [ais sputnik moment post](https://fortune.com/2025/01/27/marc-andreessen-deepseek-sputnik-ai-markets/), [#1 us app store jan 26](https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/27/deepseek-displaces-chatgpt-as-the-app-stores-top-app/), [r1 in azure ai foundry + github catalog](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/deepseek-r1-is-now-available-on-azure-ai-foundry-and-github/), [r1 launch-day coverage](https://venturebeat.com/business/open-source-deepseek-r1-uses-pure-reinforcement-learning-to-match-openai-o1-at-95-less-cost))
- 2025-01-27 – 2025-02 — the panic (critical): the panic — a ~$589–600b nvidia session, war rooms, the jevons counter, a $1b–$150b valuation debate, and the first bans inside ten days. (sources: [nvidia −17%/−$600b single-biggest one-day loss](https://web.archive.org/web/20250129002522/https:/www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-deepseek-ai-china-stock-nvidia-nvda-asml/), [strengthened our conviction](https://www.theverge.com/news/602233/meta-deepseek-zuckerberg-earings-q4), [feb-2025 valuation-range debate ($1b vs $150b)](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-10/deepseek-could-make-founder-liang-wenfeng-one-of-the-world-s-richest-people), [garante block order](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/italys-privacy-watchdog-blocks-chinese-ai-app-deepseek-2025-01-30/))
- 2025-02 – 2025-12 — the scrutiny (critical): the scrutiny year — distillation claims, the commerce probe and smuggling cases, layered-censorship findings, passports and investor screening, the failed ascend run, and the stalled r2. (sources: [commerce probe](https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-looking-into-whether-deepseek-used-restricted-ai-chips-source-says-2025-01-31/), [the information: passports held by high-flyer](https://www.theverge.com/tech/629946/deepseek-engineers-have-handed-in-their-china-passports), [censorship embedded in base model](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12625), [ft: ascend training failure delayed r2](https://www.reuters.com/world/china/deepseeks-launch-new-ai-model-delayed-by-huawei-chip-issues-ft-reports-2025-08-14/), [deepseek-r2 launch stalled; ceo balks](https://www.reuters.com/world/china/deepseek-r2-launch-stalled-ceo-balks-progress-information-reports-2025-06-26/))
- 2026– — the incumbent (mixed): the normalization — peer review in nature, the 'second deepseek moment' frame applied to rivals, the first external raise, v4, and ipo-prep coverage. the disruptor is covered as an incumbent. (sources: [r1 peer-reviewed](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09422-z), [second deepseek moment — kimi k2](https://xpert.digital/en/sputnik-the-moment-of-artificial-intelligence/), [the $74b raise and star ipo prep](https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/ai-startup-deepseek-poised-to-reach-74-billion-valuation-101787815737042.html), [up-to-12x cache-hit hike](https://en.sedaily.com/international/2026/08/14/deepseek-raises-api-prices-up-to-12-fold-as-chinas-ai-firms), [one-year retrospective](https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3340422/deepseek-year-how-little-known-chinese-start-sparked-global-ai-arms-race))

AI-drafted at Ben Guo's direct request and credited to Hraness; every claim links to its cataloged source.

Canonical page: https://hraness.com/deepseek/coverage


Published by @ben in profile revision 1.
Original document: https://hraness.com/deepseek/coverage
Original credited author: Hraness
AI-drafted at Ben Guo's direct request and credited to Hraness; every claim links to its cataloged source.

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'r1 cost $6m to train' propagated anyway; the teardown literature had to keep re-anchoring the number.","id":"cty-cost-question","reaction":"allen's house testimony and the postmortems re-scope the figure; the $294k rl-stage disclosure in the nature paper adds a second, separately-scoped number.","sourceIds":["src-hp-allen-testimony","src-ci-teardown","src-ci-creativestrategies-myths","src-hp-nature-r1"],"title":"what the $5.576m bought"},"originalUrl":"https://hraness.com/deepseek/coverage","sourceIds":["source-e872dc6ccf63b13c8dd0","source-c77062a9c11c856e99be","source-727d13d1c8dfb8c6581b","source-630f0b856ba1b991f39d"]},{"date":{"precision":"approximate","text":"2025-01 – 2026-02"},"id":"record-5e9db5c70f753677bdf1","kind":"deepseek-coverage-controversies","label":"the distillation question","original":{"date":"2025-01 – 2026-02","detail":"the distillation accusation — openai told the ft it had evidence; microsoft reportedly flagged suspicious api exfiltration in fall 2024; sacks 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````